Battery manufacturing is expanding faster than demand in some markets, while production and materials remain geographically concentrated. The following statistics distinguish nameplate capacity, installed demand, observed results, estimates and conditional forecasts across 2023–2030.
Key Battery Manufacturing Industry Statistics
These are the most useful headline figures for understanding the industry:
- In 2024, global battery-cell nameplate capacity exceeded 3 TWh annually.
- In 2024, global battery manufacturing capacity was about three times EV and battery-storage demand.
- In 2024, annual global battery demand surpassed 1 TWh across EVs and other applications.
- In 2024, China held about 85% of global battery manufacturing capacity.
- In 2024, Chinese producers owned more than 75% of global battery capacity.
- In 2024, U.S. battery manufacturing capacity grew almost 50% year on year.
- In 2024, the European Union increased battery manufacturing capacity by 10%.
- In 2024, LFP batteries represented nearly half of the global EV battery market by capacity.
- In 2024, LFP batteries were nearly 30% cheaper per kWh than NMC batteries.
- In 2023, LFP supplied more than 40% of global EV battery demand by capacity.
- In 2023, China represented nearly 90% of global cathode-active-material capacity.
- In 2023, China represented more than 97% of global anode-active-material capacity.
- In 2024, the Democratic Republic of the Congo accounted for almost two-thirds of world cobalt mining.
- In 2024, average battery-pack prices for battery-electric cars fell below $100 per kWh.
- By December 2024, U.S. battery supply-chain companies had announced more than $150 billion in investment since 2021.
- By December 2024, the U.S. cell-manufacturing pipeline exceeded 1,100 GWh per year.
- By December 2024, U.S. federal agencies had provided more than $33 billion in direct battery-industry investment.
Contents
- Global battery capacity, demand and production growth
- Regional battery manufacturing capacity and supply-chain concentration
- Battery chemistry shares, energy density and manufacturing costs
- Battery materials and component manufacturing concentration
- Battery prices, investment and manufacturing economics
- U.S. battery manufacturing projects, jobs and public funding
Global Battery Manufacturing Capacity, Demand and Production Growth
Capacity figures generally refer to battery-cell nameplate or installed manufacturing capacity. Demand and chemistry shares can instead refer to batteries installed in vehicles sold, so these populations should not be treated as interchangeable.
The International Energy Agency reported that global battery-cell manufacturing capacity grew almost 30% in 2024 and exceeded 3 TWh of annual capacity. The IEA also estimated that capacity was about three times EV and battery-storage demand, while annual global battery demand surpassed 1 TWh in 2024. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025
| Measure | Period and geography | Reported statistic |
|---|---|---|
| EV battery demand growth | 2024, China | More than 30% year on year |
| EV battery demand growth | 2024, United States | 20% year on year |
| Electric-car sales | 2024, global | 17 million, up 25% |
| Battery-cell manufacturing capacity growth | 2024, global | Almost 30% year on year |
| Annual cell capacity | 2024, global | More than 3 TWh |
China’s EV battery demand grew by more than 30% in 2024, compared with 20% in the United States. Electric-car sales rose 25% globally to 17 million, a demand driver rather than a direct measure of battery output. The battery industry has entered a new phase
Emerging markets and developing economies excluding China reached nearly 5% of global EV battery demand in 2024. Under the IEA’s STEPS scenario, that share is forecast to double to 10% by 2030, while the U.S. share is projected to decline from about 13% in 2024 to below 10% in 2030. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025
Regional Battery Manufacturing Capacity and Supply-Chain Concentration
Manufacturing is spreading geographically, but ownership and production remain concentrated. Regional capacity statistics below describe nameplate capacity unless otherwise stated.
| Geography or owner | 2024 result | Conditional outlook |
|---|---|---|
| China | About 85% of global capacity; Chinese producers owned over 75% | About two-thirds of global capacity in 2030 under committed projects |
| United States | Capacity grew almost 50% | Not specified in the cited outlook |
| European Union | Capacity grew 10% | Chinese producers could exceed 30% of EU capacity in 2030 |
| India | More than 5 GWh/year of plants opened | Not specified |
| Indonesia | More than 10 GWh/year of plants opened | Not specified |
China held about 85% of global battery manufacturing capacity in 2024, and more than 75% was owned by Chinese producers. The IEA’s committed-project scenario places China at about two-thirds of global capacity in 2030, rather than indicating an end to concentration. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025
U.S. capacity grew almost 50% in 2024, with Korean companies accounting for nearly 70% of that growth. EU capacity increased 10%, while India and Indonesia opened plants totaling more than 5 GWh/year and more than 10 GWh/year, respectively. The battery industry has entered a new phase
Committed projects could lift global capacity from 3.3 TWh in 2024 to about 6.5 TWh by 2030. Including all announcements could raise capacity above 9 TWh, but that higher figure includes projects with greater uncertainty. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025
Korean manufacturers outside Korea could exceed 1.1 TWh of capacity by 2030 if announced projects are completed. In the EU, Korean producers held about 85% of capacity in 2024; their share could fall to nearly 30% by 2030, while Chinese producers’ share could rise from below 10% to above 30%. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025
Battery Chemistry Shares, Energy Density and Manufacturing Costs
Chemistry statistics measure different populations: some describe battery capacity installed in vehicles, while others describe EV sales or domestic demand. The IEA’s 2024 chemistry chart excludes two- and three-wheelers and stockpiling and uses assumptions for commercial vehicles.
LFP batteries made up nearly half of the global EV battery market by capacity in 2024 and were nearly 30% cheaper per kWh than NMC batteries. LFP met nearly three-quarters of China’s domestic battery demand, while its U.S. EV share remained below 10%. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025
| Chemistry measure | Period and geography | Statistic |
|---|---|---|
| LFP share of EV battery demand | 2023, global | More than 40% by capacity |
| LFP share of EV sales | 2023, China | About two-thirds |
| LFP share of EV sales | 2023, Europe and United States | Below 10% |
| LFP price versus NMC | 2024, global | Nearly 30% cheaper per kWh |
| EU LFP adoption | 2024, European Union | Up about 90%; exceeded 10% |
In 2023, LFP supplied more than 40% of global EV demand by capacity, and about two-thirds of EV sales in China used LFP chemistry. LFP shares in EV sales in Europe and the United States remained below 10%. Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024
EU LFP adoption grew about 90% for the second consecutive year and exceeded 10% in 2024. These adoption figures are based on battery capacity in the EU EV market, not all battery applications. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025
Battery Materials and Component Manufacturing Concentration
Upstream manufacturing is more concentrated than the broad geography of vehicle markets. Installed capacity for active materials is not the same measure as cell capacity or mine production.
| Material or component | Period and geography | Concentration statistic |
|---|---|---|
| Cathode active materials | 2023, China | Nearly 90% of global installed capacity |
| Anode active materials | 2023, China | More than 97% of global installed capacity |
| LFP production | 2023, China | Almost 100% of production capacity |
| NMC and other nickel chemistries | 2023, China | More than three-quarters of installed capacity |
| Cobalt mining | 2024, DRC | Almost two-thirds of world mining |
| Cobalt refining | 2024, China | Three-quarters globally |
| Graphite mining and refining | 2024, China | 80% mining; over 90% refining |
China represented nearly 90% of global installed cathode-active-material manufacturing capacity and over 97% of anode-active-material capacity in 2023. It also held almost 100% of LFP production capacity and more than three-quarters of installed capacity for NMC and other nickel-based chemistries. Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024
The Democratic Republic of the Congo accounted for almost two-thirds of world cobalt mining in 2024, while China handled three-quarters of global cobalt refining. China also accounted for 80% of graphite mining and over 90% of graphite refining used for battery anodes; mining and refining are separate measures. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025
Battery Prices, Investment and Manufacturing Economics
Price comparisons are not interchangeable across applications or regions. The IEA’s 2024 price figures are volume-weighted average lithium-ion pack prices across sectors, and chemistry and regional comparisons can contain different product mixes.
The average battery-pack price for a battery-electric car fell below $100 per kWh in 2024. Average battery prices in China fell nearly 30%, and Chinese batteries were reported as over 30% cheaper than European batteries and over 20% cheaper than North American batteries. The battery industry has entered a new phase
| Cost measure | Period and geography | Statistic |
|---|---|---|
| Average EV battery-pack price | 2024, global | Below $100/kWh |
| Average battery-price change | 2024, China | Down nearly 30% year on year |
| Battery price comparison | 2024, China versus Europe | China over 30% cheaper |
| Battery price comparison | 2024, China versus North America | China over 20% cheaper |
| Average pack-price change | 2022–2023, global | Down almost 14% |
| NMC premium over LFP | 2023, global | Less than 25% |
Between 2022 and 2023, volume-weighted average lithium-ion pack prices fell almost 14% globally. NMC batteries were less than 25% more expensive than LFP equivalents in 2023, down from a 50% premium in 2021. Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024
When material costs were assumed equal, U.S. battery-cell production cost was nearly 20% higher than China’s in 2023. The comparison excludes regional material-price differences, which may widen the gap. Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024
U.S. Battery Manufacturing Projects, Jobs and Public Funding
U.S. project figures describe announcements, pipelines, selections or financing at different stages. They are not equivalent to realized production, spending or employment.
By December 2024, U.S. battery supply-chain companies had announced more than $150 billion of investment since 2021. The projects could create more than 100,000 manufacturing jobs, while the cell-manufacturing project pipeline exceeded 1,100 GWh/year. Four Year Review of Supply Chains for the Advanced Batteries Sector
The U.S. pipeline was estimated to supply about 11–17 million light-duty EVs per year, using a DOE conversion assumption of 65–100 kWh per EV pack. This is a supply equivalence, not a forecast of sales. Four Year Review of Supply Chains for the Advanced Batteries Sector
| U.S. public-support measure | Period | Amount or scope |
|---|---|---|
| Direct federal battery-industry investment | 2021–December 2024 | More than $33 billion |
| DOE materials-processing and manufacturing projects | By December 2024 | About $5 billion; about 40 projects |
| DOE Loan Programs Office closed loans | 2022–December 2024 | About $5.5 billion |
| Conditional DOE loan commitments | By December 2024 | $22 billion |
| Tech Hubs investment | By December 2024 | More than $66 million |
Federal agencies provided more than $33 billion in direct battery-industry investment through grants, conditional loans and investment tax credits. DOE committed approximately $5 billion to approximately 40 battery-materials processing and manufacturing projects, while its Loan Programs Office closed approximately $5.5 billion in battery-related loans since the start of 2022 and had another $22 billion in conditional commitments. Four Year Review of Supply Chains for the Advanced Batteries Sector
The Export-Import Bank approved up to $50 million for ESS Inc. and up to $51 million for Electrovaya USA. DOE also invested more than $66 million in Tech Hubs in New York, Nevada and South Carolina; these figures include support beyond factory construction alone. Four Year Review of Supply Chains for the Advanced Batteries Sector
On December 19, 2024, DOE selected 11 next-generation battery-manufacturing projects for $25 million in funding negotiations. By December 2024, DOE had announced over $3 billion for selected projects to boost domestic advanced-battery and battery-material production, including three smart-manufacturing platform projects at $2.6 million each; selection for negotiation was not a final funding commitment. U.S. Department of Energy Selects 11 Projects to Advance Domestic Manufacturing of Next-Generation Batteries