Lithium-ion batteries reached a global scale of 1 TWh of energy-sector demand in 2024, covering electric-vehicle batteries and storage. The data below distinguishes observed or estimated 2024 measurements from IEA scenario forecasts, and identifies the geography and population behind each figure.
Key Lithium-Ion Battery Statistics
The most useful headline figures span deployment, regional adoption, chemistry, costs, factories and minerals:
- In 2024, global energy-sector battery demand reached 1 TWh across electric-vehicle batteries and storage.
- In 2024, global electric-vehicle battery demand exceeded 950 GWh for batteries installed in vehicles sold worldwide.
- Global electric-vehicle battery demand was 25% higher in 2024 than in 2023.
- Electric cars represented more than 85% of global electric-vehicle battery demand in 2024.
- Electric-truck battery demand grew more than 75% from 2023 to 2024 worldwide.
- China’s electric-vehicle battery demand grew more than 30% from 2023 to 2024.
- United States electric-vehicle battery demand grew 20% in 2024.
- Lithium iron phosphate batteries represented nearly half of the global electric-vehicle battery market in 2024 by installed battery capacity.
- LFP batteries supplied nearly three-quarters of China’s domestic electric-vehicle battery demand in 2024.
- LFP batteries were almost 30% cheaper per kWh than NMC batteries in 2024.
- Global volume-weighted lithium-ion battery-pack prices fell 20% from 2023 to 2024.
- Global battery-cell manufacturing capacity grew almost 30% in 2024 to more than 3 TWh per year.
- China held about 85% of global battery-cell manufacturing capacity in 2024.
- Global lithium demand rose nearly 30% from 2023 to 2024.
- The top three refining countries’ average share of key energy-mineral markets rose from about 82% in 2020 to 86% in 2024.
- China accounted for two-thirds of global battery-recycling capacity growth from 2020 to 2024.
Contents
- Global lithium-ion battery demand and deployment
- Regional battery demand and electric-vehicle adoption
- Battery chemistry mix and market uptake
- Battery prices, pack sizes and cost differences
- Cell manufacturing capacity and industrial concentration
- Mineral demand, supply-chain concentration and recycling outlook
Global Lithium-Ion Battery Demand and Deployment
The IEA’s electric-vehicle battery measure is calculated from vehicle sales multiplied by the volume-weighted average battery size. It measures batteries installed in vehicles sold and excludes stockpiling, so it is a deployment-flow measure rather than the total battery stock in use.
- Global energy-sector battery demand reached 1 TWh in 2024, including electric-vehicle batteries and storage.
- Global electric-vehicle battery demand exceeded 950 GWh in 2024, up 25% from 2023.
- Electric cars accounted for more than 85% of global electric-vehicle battery demand in 2024.
- Electric-truck battery demand grew more than 75% from 2023 to 2024, while trucks represented nearly 3% of global electric-vehicle battery demand in 2024.
- Europe represented about 10% of global electric-truck battery demand in 2024, after European electric-truck battery demand grew about 25%.
The IEA also reported that one average week of battery demand in 2024 exceeded total demand for an entire year about a decade earlier, illustrating the change in deployment scale without converting the comparison into an unsupported absolute value.
| Measure | 2024 observation | Definition or scope |
|---|---|---|
| Energy-sector battery demand | 1 TWh | Global; electric vehicles and storage |
| Electric-vehicle battery demand | More than 950 GWh | Global; batteries installed in vehicles sold |
| Electric cars’ share | More than 85% | Global EV battery demand |
| Electric trucks’ share | Nearly 3% | Global EV battery demand |
Source: Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis.
Under the IEA Stated Policies Scenario, electric-vehicle battery demand is projected to exceed 3 TWh in 2030, compared with about 1 TWh in 2024. The scenario also projects electric trucks above 8% of global electric-vehicle battery demand in 2030, versus nearly 3% in 2024; these are modeled outcomes dependent on stated policies and projected electric-vehicle deployment.
Regional Lithium-Ion Battery Demand and EV Adoption
Regional demand growth differs from regional market share because vehicle sizes, sales volumes and local production mix vary. In 2024, the strongest supplied growth figures were reported for China and the United States, while emerging markets excluding China increased their share from a smaller base.
| Geography | 2024 battery-demand result | Period or comparison |
|---|---|---|
| China | More than 30% growth | 2023–2024 |
| United States | 20% growth | 2023–2024 |
| EMDEs excluding China | Nearly 5% of global EV demand | 2024 |
| EMDEs excluding China | Nearly twice the 2022 share | 2022–2024 |
Source: Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis.
The average battery size per electric vehicle in the United States was approximately 25% larger than in the European Union in 2024. This is a battery-size comparison, not a comparison of total vehicle sales or total regional battery demand.
Under the IEA Stated Policies Scenario, emerging markets and developing economies excluding China are projected to reach 10% of global electric-vehicle battery demand in 2030. China’s projected share declines from 60% in 2024 to just under 50% in 2030; both figures are scenario projections rather than observed outcomes.
Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistry Mix and Market Uptake
Chemistry shares in this section are based on battery capacity installed in vehicles sold. The IEA measure excludes two- and three-wheelers, and LFP includes lithium iron manganese phosphate where specified.
- LFP batteries represented nearly half of the global electric-vehicle battery market in 2024.
- LFP met nearly three-quarters of China’s domestic electric-vehicle battery demand in 2024, reaching 80% of batteries sold in both November and December 2024.
- LFP accounted for less than 10% of electric-vehicle batteries used in the United States in 2024.
- EU LFP adoption grew about 90% for the second consecutive year and exceeded 10% of the EU electric-vehicle market in 2024.
- LFP exceeded 50% of electric-car battery share in Southeast Asia, Brazil and India in 2024.
The production and import pattern also differed by region. About three-quarters of U.S. electric vehicles equipped with LFP batteries were produced domestically in 2024, while nearly two-thirds of EU electric vehicles equipped with LFP batteries were imported from China.
Tesla accounted for 85% of LFP-battery-powered electric vehicles produced in the United States in 2024 and almost half of LFP-battery-powered electric vehicles sold in the European Union during the same year.
Source: Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis.
Lithium-Ion Battery Prices, Pack Sizes and Cost Differences
The global volume-weighted average lithium-ion battery-pack price fell 20% in 2024, covering the electric-vehicle and battery-storage sectors. Regional movements were uneven: prices fell nearly 30% in China and 10% to 15% in Europe and the United States.
| Comparison | 2024 result | Scope |
|---|---|---|
| Global pack-price change | Down 20% | Volume-weighted EV and storage packs |
| China pack-price change | Down nearly 30% | Lithium-ion battery packs |
| Europe and U.S. pack-price change | Down 10%–15% | Lithium-ion battery packs |
| LFP versus NMC | LFP almost 30% cheaper per kWh | Global battery market |
| Plug-in hybrid versus battery-electric | More than 3 times higher per kWh | Global EV battery market |
Source: Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis.
Pack size changes the interpretation of a total battery cost. In 2024, a 20 kWh plug-in-hybrid pack had about the same average price as a 65 kWh battery-electric-car pack, even though the plug-in-hybrid pack was much smaller, because its price per kWh was more than three times higher.
Electric-truck battery prices per kWh outside China were more than twice Chinese prices in 2024. Lithium prices fell nearly 20% in 2024 even though lithium demand was about six times its 2015 level.
A sustained battery-metal supply shock could increase global average lithium-ion battery-pack prices by 40% to 50%. This is IEA modeled supply-shock sensitivity, not an observed price change.
Battery-Cell Manufacturing Capacity and Industrial Concentration
Global battery-cell manufacturing capacity grew almost 30% in 2024 to more than 3 TWh per year. That nameplate capacity was about three times combined electric-vehicle and battery-storage demand, indicating a capacity-to-demand ratio rather than three times actual production.
- China held about 85% of global battery-cell manufacturing capacity in 2024.
- Producers headquartered in China owned more than 75% of global battery-cell manufacturing capacity in 2024.
- U.S. battery manufacturing capacity grew almost 50% from 2023 to 2024, with Korean companies accounting for nearly 70% of that growth.
- EU battery-cell manufacturing capacity increased 10% from 2023 to 2024.
- The first Indian battery plants opened in 2024 with more than 5 GWh per year of manufacturing capacity.
- The first Indonesian battery plants opened in 2024 with more than 10 GWh per year of manufacturing capacity.
The ownership and location measures are not interchangeable: one describes producers’ headquarters, while the other describes installed capacity in a country or region. Both point to a manufacturing system that remained highly concentrated in 2024 despite capacity growth elsewhere.
Source: Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis.
Lithium-Ion Battery Minerals, Supply Chains and Recycling Outlook
Global lithium demand rose nearly 30% from 2023 to 2024. Demand for nickel, cobalt, graphite and magnet rare-earth elements each increased by 6% to 8% over the same period; the rare-earth measure refers specifically to magnet rare earths, and the source’s supply-growth rates are based on refined output.
Energy applications accounted for 85% of total demand growth for lithium, nickel, cobalt and graphite over 2020–2024. Battery-metal supply growth since 2020 was twice the rate recorded in the late 2010s, with the comparison treating battery metals as a group and using refined-output growth rates.
Lithium prices surged eightfold during 2021–2022 before falling more than 80% from 2023 levels. In 2024, graphite, cobalt and nickel prices fell 10% to 20%.
| Supply-chain measure | Result | Period or qualification |
|---|---|---|
| Critical-mineral development investment | 5% nominal growth | 2024; down from 14% in 2023 |
| Inflation-adjusted development investment | 2% growth | 2024 |
| Top three refiners’ average share | 82% to 86% | 2020–2024, key energy minerals |
| Leading supplier’s share of refined-supply growth | About 90% | 2020–2024, each key mineral |
| China’s share of recycling-capacity growth | Two-thirds | 2020–2024 |
Source: Executive summary – Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 – Analysis.
Critical-mineral development investment grew 5% in nominal terms in 2024, down from 14% growth in 2023, while inflation-adjusted investment growth was 2%. The average market share of the top three refining countries for key energy minerals rose from about 82% in 2020 to 86% in 2024, and about 90% of refined-supply growth came from the single leading supplier for each mineral.
The IEA projects the average share of the top three refined-material suppliers at 82% in 2035, based on announced projects and IEA policy scenarios. China accounted for two-thirds of global battery-recycling capacity growth between 2020 and 2024, a historical growth share rather than a forecast of future recycling output.