Electric vehicle batteries are scaling rapidly, but demand, production, installed capacity and recycling feedstock measure different parts of the industry. The statistics below cover global and regional battery deployment, chemistry, prices, supply chains and circularity, with observed figures distinguished from estimates and forecasts.
Key Electric Vehicle Battery Statistics
The most broadly useful electric vehicle battery figures include:
- In 2023, global EV battery demand exceeded 750 GWh, up 40% from 2022.
- In 2023, electric cars accounted for 95% of global EV battery-demand growth worldwide, according to an IEA mode decomposition estimate.
- In 2024, global electric-truck battery demand grew by more than 75% year over year.
- Under the IEA STEPS scenario, global EV battery demand is forecast to exceed 3 TWh in 2030, compared with about 1 TWh in 2024.
- In 2023, China’s EV battery demand was 415 GWh, measured as batteries installed in vehicles sold there.
- In 2023, European EV battery demand was 185 GWh, based on vehicles sold in Europe.
- In 2023, U.S. EV battery demand was about 100 GWh, based on vehicles sold in the United States.
- In 2023, Europe produced 110 GWh of EV batteries, a production-location measure.
- In 2023, the United States produced 70 GWh of EV batteries, also measured at the production location.
- In 2024, LFP batteries made up nearly half of the global EV battery market, an estimate for EV batteries rather than all lithium-ion batteries.
- In 2024, LFP supplied nearly three-quarters of China’s domestic EV battery demand.
- In 2024, the average global-sales-weighted BEV battery was about 65 kWh per battery-electric car pack.
- In 2024, the average global-sales-weighted PHEV battery was about 20 kWh per standard plug-in hybrid pack.
- From 2022 to 2023, global lithium-ion pack prices fell almost 14% on a volume-weighted average across sectors.
- In 2024, global lithium-ion pack prices fell 20% year over year for EV and storage packs.
- In 2024, global lithium demand was about six times its 2015 level, covering all sectors rather than EVs alone.
- In 2023, China held nearly 90% of global installed cathode-active-material capacity.
- About 1.2 million EV batteries could reach end of life in 2030 in a global forecast.
- About 14 million EV batteries could reach end of life in 2040 in the same global forecasting framework.
- Under an IEA scenario, battery recycling could supply 20% to 30% of global lithium, nickel and cobalt demand by 2050.
Contents
- Global EV battery demand and deployment
- Regional EV battery demand and production
- Battery chemistry and energy-density comparisons
- EV battery prices, capacity and manufacturing
- Battery minerals and supply-chain concentration
- Battery recycling and circularity
Global EV Battery Demand and Deployment Statistics
IEA battery-demand estimates generally multiply vehicle sales by the volume-weighted average battery size. Stockpiling is excluded where the source states that limitation, and battery demand should not be confused with factory capacity or production.
- Global EV battery demand exceeded 750 GWh in 2023, 40% higher than in 2022. This observed global figure comes from the IEA’s volume-weighted battery-size method. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
- Electric cars accounted for 95% of global EV battery-demand growth in 2023, while larger average battery sizes contributed about 5%. Both are IEA mode-decomposition estimates, and the latter includes changing vehicle mix and SUV share. Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024 – Analysis
- Electric-truck battery demand grew by more than 75% globally in 2024, and electric trucks represented nearly 3% of global EV battery demand. The mode-specific demand measure excludes stockpiling. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
The IEA’s STEPS outlook separates observed 2024 demand from a scenario-based future path:
| Measure | Period | Figure | Scope |
|---|---|---|---|
| EV battery demand | 2024 | About 1 TWh | Global, baseline estimate |
| EV battery demand | 2030 | More than 3 TWh | Global, STEPS forecast |
| Electric-truck share of EV battery demand | 2024 | Nearly 3% | Global, observed |
| Electric-truck share of EV battery demand | 2030 | More than 8% | Global, STEPS forecast |
The 2030 values are forecasts, not realized outcomes. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
China’s plug-in-hybrid market also shows why vehicle sales and battery demand can tell different stories. Plug-in hybrids supplied about one-third of China’s electric-car sales in 2023, but represented 18% of China’s electric-car battery demand, compared with 17% in 2021, because their packs are smaller; these are IEA estimates and the sales share is not a battery-demand share. Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024 – Analysis
Regional Electric Vehicle Battery Demand and Production Data
Regional demand means batteries installed in vehicles sold in the market, while production means batteries made in the region. The two measures should not be read as domestic supply balances.
| Geography | 2023 battery demand | 2023 production | Demand growth in 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 415 GWh | Not stated | About 35% |
| Europe | 185 GWh | 110 GWh | More than 40% |
| United States | About 100 GWh | 70 GWh | More than 40% |
| Rest of world | Not stated | Not stated | More than 70% |
Demand figures are estimates except where the source labels growth as observed; production figures are observed production-location measures. Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024 – Analysis
Europe’s production was geographically concentrated in 2023. Poland supplied about 60% of European EV battery production, while Hungary supplied almost 30%; both figures are regional production-share estimates and are not demand shares. Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024 – Analysis
The regional growth rates describe the change in demand calculated from vehicle sales and average pack size. They do not establish that all demand was met by production in the same geography.
Electric Vehicle Battery Chemistry and Energy-Density Statistics
Chemistry shares are market- or deployment-specific. They are not averages for every lithium-ion battery, and the 2023 LFP deployment share uses a different period and denominator from the 2024 market-demand share.
- LFP batteries made up nearly half of the global EV battery market in 2024, an estimate for the EV battery market. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
- LFP supplied nearly three-quarters of China’s domestic EV battery demand in 2024, while its U.S. EV share remained below 10%. These are separate regional estimates. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
- LFP adoption in the European Union grew about 90% for the second consecutive year in 2024. This is adoption growth, not a percentage-point change in market share. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
- LFP reached more than 50% of electric-car battery share in Southeast Asia, Brazil and India in 2024. The grouped-market estimate refers to electric-car battery demand. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
The IEA’s technology comparison characterizes charging thresholds rather than fleet averages: LFP batteries can reach 100% state of charge when required without significant degradation, while NMC batteries are typically limited to 80% to preserve long-term performance. Vehicle controls vary, so these are technology comparisons rather than universal operating rules. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
Electric Vehicle Battery Prices, Capacity and Manufacturing Trends
Lithium-ion pack prices moved sharply after a rise in 2022. The figures below are volume-weighted comparisons, with the 2024 global figure covering EV and storage packs.
| Price measure | Period | Result | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Global lithium-ion pack price | 2021–2022 | Rose 7% | Volume-weighted average across sectors |
| Global lithium-ion pack price | 2022–2023 | Fell almost 14% | Volume-weighted average across sectors |
| Global pack price | 2024 | Fell 20% | Volume-weighted EV and storage packs |
| China pack price | 2024 | Fell nearly 30% | Regional comparison |
| Europe and U.S. pack price | 2024 | Fell 10%–15% | Regional range |
Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024 – Analysis and Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
LFP batteries were almost 30% cheaper per kWh than NMC batteries in the 2025 IEA comparison. The estimate varies by region, application and design. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
Pack size differs substantially between battery-electric and plug-in-hybrid cars. In 2024, the average global-sales-weighted BEV battery was about 65 kWh, compared with about 20 kWh for a standard PHEV; the PHEV pack cost more than three times as much per kWh as the BEV pack in the comparison because smaller packs have higher power requirements. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
Battery Minerals and EV Supply-Chain Concentration
Battery growth affects mineral demand and manufacturing concentration, but some mineral figures cover all sectors rather than EVs alone. Global lithium demand in 2024 was about six times its 2015 level, an estimate covering all-sector lithium demand. Electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2025 – Analysis
China’s 2023 installed-material capacity illustrates concentration in upstream battery components:
- China held nearly 90% of global installed cathode-active-material capacity.
- China held more than 97% of global installed anode-active-material capacity.
- China had almost 100% of global LFP production capacity.
- China used less than 40% of its maximum cell output, excluding portable electronics.
- China’s cathode-active-material capacity was almost four times global EV cell demand.
- China’s anode-active-material capacity was about nine times global EV cell demand.
These are capacity estimates, not equivalent measures of annual output. The capacity-to-demand multiples compare China’s installed material capacity with global EV cell demand, so they do not show that all capacity was used. Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024 – Analysis
Battery Recycling and Circularity Statistics
Circularity indicators cover future end-of-life volumes, patent activity, available feedstock and processing capacity. Feedstock is not the same as recovered material, and forecasts depend on deployment, lifetimes, retirement timing and collection rates.
| Circularity measure | Period | Figure | Status or limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| EV batteries reaching end of life | 2030 | About 1.2 million | Global forecast |
| EV batteries reaching end of life | 2040 | About 14 million | Global forecast |
| Battery-circularity patenting | 2017–2023 | 42% average annual growth | Global observed patent activity |
| Manufacturing scrap in recycling feedstock | 2030 | Two-thirds | Global forecast |
| End-of-life EV and storage batteries in feedstock | 2050 | More than 90% | Global forecast |
Battery Circularity – Innovation trends for a future source of critical materials and Recycling of Critical Minerals – Executive summary
LFP cathodes represented around 40% of EV batteries deployed globally in 2023. That deployment denominator and period differ from the nearly half share of the global EV battery market in 2024, so the figures should not be treated as a direct year-over-year series. Recycling of Critical Minerals – Executive summary
Global battery-recycling pretreatment and material-recovery capacity grew 50% year over year in 2023, and China accounted for 80% of that global capacity. These are capacity-growth and capacity-share measures, not recovered-output figures. Recycling of Critical Minerals – Executive summary
Under the IEA scenario, battery recycling could supply 20% to 30% of global lithium, nickel and cobalt demand by 2050. That forecast depends critically on collection rates and available feedstock, so it describes potential supply rather than a guaranteed outcome. Recycling of Critical Minerals – Executive summary